Definition
Pencils are writing and painting tools, initially made of pure graphite. Writing done with graphite scraping into the media. However, pure graphite tends to break easily, too soft, giving the effect of the media rubbing dirty hands and dirty hands when held. Because it then created a mixture of graphite with clay to the composition harder. Furthermore the composition of this mixture wrapped with paper or wood.
History
The use of lead and graphite has begun since the time of Greece. Both give the effect of gray scratches, although a little more black graphite. Graphite is very rarely used until later in the year 1564 discovered a pure graphite content in large numbers in Borrowdale, a valley in the Lake District, northern England. Although looks like coal, minerals can not be burned, and left a shiny black marks, and easily removed at the surface can be written. At this time the term graphite is still confused with tin, lead, and plumbago, which means "like lead" considering a similar nature. Therefore, the term lead pencil (pencil lead) is still in use today. Because the texture is oily, with a leather wrapped chunks of lamb or a small piece of tin wrapped with string berbentuktongkat. No one knows who first had the idea to put lead into a wooden container, but in the 1560's, a primitive pencil had reached the European continent.
Soon after, lead was mined and exported to meet the demands of artists; and in the 17th century, could be said of lead have been used everywhere. At the same time, pencil makers experimented with lead to produce stationery better. Because pure and easily extracted, lead from Borrowdale to be sought after thieves and black marketeers. To overcome this, the British Parliament passed legislation in 1752 which stipulates that could lead thief jailed or banished to a convict colony.
But in 1779, a chemist Carl W. Scheele research and concluded that the chemical properties of graphite have a much different to lead. Graphite is pure carbon molecule composition of the software. Finally, in 1789, German Geological experts, Abraham G. Werner gave the name graphite, which comes from the Greek words graphein, which means writing. Thus, the contents of a pencil is not lead.
Pencil developments
For years, British graphite pencil making industry monopoly because pure enough to be used without the need to be processed again. Because of inferior graphite European, pencil factories there experimenting with various ways to improve the content of a pencil. French engineer Nicolas-Jacques Conté mixing powdered graphite with clay, form the mixture into sticks, and burned in the fireplace. By varying the ratio of graphite to clay, he can make the contents of a pencil that produces various shades of black and process used until now.
In the 19th century, making it a pencil into a big business. Graphite is found in several places, including Siberia, Germany, and what is now the Czech Republic. In Germany and then in the United States, a number of factories opened. Mechanization and mass production the price pressure, and in the early 20th century, even the school children using a pencil.
At first graphite pencils were torn wrapping paper as the user desires. But then found a way more practical and efficient way of covering the entire graphite rod with two planks of ditoreh to provide a place for graphite rod and then put together. Pencil sharpener as a complementary mechanical sharpener stationery when the user makes whittling a pencil
Pure graphite artist is probably preferable because of its characteristics are more straightforward. But for everyday use, is required graphite lower quality to make it more flexible. In 1795, French chemist, Nicolas Jacques Conté, discovered by mixing graphite with clay to produce a better pencil and practical. One of the derivatives products is Conté pencil.
On March 30, 1858 Hymen Lipman of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States patented a pencil with eraser tip. But then the patent is revoked on the grounds sebanenarnya no new invention of the pencil. Mechanical sharpener was invented in 1880 and quickly became very popular.
Modern Processing
Pencil in the modern age is made by crushing a pure graphite and clay into a powder. The mixture was then given water, dianginkan, and then burned for three days. Then fill the pencil has been molded into the form of long, thin wood is coated with a fine. Initially more pencils made in the form of square due to the limited production machine. But in the modern era, more rounded forms found more convenient handheld. However, still many are fond of pencil grip angle because it gives a more powerful and easier to control when writing.
Characteristic
Unlike the pens, pencils tend to give the impression of gray and color of the weak and broken compared with a pen that gives a solid color and sharp. Pencils are also more easily removed than the pen. Some pencil eraser to be accompanied by practical reasons. Pencil is highly desirable students. However, most professional artists will give priority to quality is more like a pencil without an eraser, the eraser is questionable given the quality and frequency of greater remove will make erasers that are too small will soon be wasted.
Identity
Pencils are distinguished according to composition. Letter B informs thickness (boldness), which means more grafitnya content. While the letter H leadnya inform composition violence, which means that the clay content of more. Pencil with an F means the composition is appropriate for maximum kurtosis diraut up. While the numbers in front of the letter shows the composition of the thickness or hardness of a pencil. For example 2H will be more stringent than H, or 2B will be softer and thicker than B HB pencil is second nature to have hard and thick.
Color pencil to show the production area. The factories in North America to give yellow, Germany and Brazil gave a green color. India and some Asian region provides a black and red colors. Switzerland gave a red color. While England gave a yellow and black. Most of these color standardization created Faber-Castell producer [citation needed]. However, many producers who do not follow this standard.
Modern pencil
Pencil now is a tool, and pictures tuilis sophisticated and versatile, which is produced annually around the world until milliaran rod. Ordinary pencil can draw a line along the 60 kilometers and write 45,000 words. Contents mechanical pencil, which stems from metal or plastic, do not need diraut. In place of graphite, colored pencil and contains a dye pigment in dozens of colors.
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